Detailed operator and modifier list
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Detailed operator and modifier list
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Operator/Modifier
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Description
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Example
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and
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Look for documents containing both term A and term B. Helps you narrow your search.
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food and nutrition
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or
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Look for documents containing term A and for documents containing term B. Helps you broaden your search.
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food or nutrition
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not
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Look for documents containing term A, that do not have term B.
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nursing not shortage
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near/n
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Look for documents where term A appears close to term B, in any order. Use “n” to specify the number of words apart – “3” means within 3 words.
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nursing near/3 education
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pre/n
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Look for documents where term A appears before term B. Use “n” to specify the number of words apart – “3” means within 3 words.
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nursing pre/3 education
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exact
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Look for your exact search term in its entirety. Used primarily for searching specific fields, like Subject. For instance, a search on su.exact(“higher education”), will return documents with a subject term of “higher education”, but not documents with a subject term of “higher education funding”.
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su.exact(“higher education”)
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<
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Less than. Used for numeric fields like publication date.
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YR(<2005)
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>
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Greater than. Used for numeric fields like publication date.
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YR(>2005)
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<=
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Less than or equal to. Used for numeric fields like publication date.
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YR(<=2005)
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>=
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Greater than or equal to. Used for numeric fields like publication date.
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YR(>=2005)
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-
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Used to search for ranges in numerical fields, such as Publication Date.
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YR(2005-2008)
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